The global transition toward sustainable mobility has catalyzed a dramatic shift in India’s energy landscape. As the world's third-largest consumer of crude oil, India faces the twin challenges of reducing a massive import bill and mitigating urban air pollution. In response, the Government of India has embarked on an ambitious biofuels program, accelerating its targets for ethanol blending in petrol. While E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) is now universally available and E20 (20% ethanol, 80% gasoline) is being rapidly rolled out across retail outlets nationwide, the ultimate frontier for internal combustion engines (ICE) lies in high-concentration ethanol blends—specifically E85 (85% anhydrous ethanol blended with 15% gasoline) and E100 (pure ethanol).
For automotive enthusiasts, fleet operators, and environmental policy analysts, a critical question arises: Is E85 fuel officially tested, certified, and approved for use in India?
The short answer is yes, but with important caveats regarding commercial availability and vehicle compatibility. Over the past decade, Indian regulatory bodies, testing agencies, academic institutions, and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have built a robust framework of standards, conducted extensive laboratory and field testing, and issued formal certifications for E85 technology. This comprehensive guide provides an in-depth analysis of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications, Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) type approvals, Indian Institute of Science (IISc) research initiatives, OEM demonstrations, material safety standards, and the legislative roadmap governing E85 in India.
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1. The Regulatory Foundation: BIS Specifications for E85
For any fuel to be legally distributed, sold, or used in commercial vehicles within India, it must possess a formal standard set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the national standards body of India.
The IS 16634:2017 Standard
In 2017, the Bureau of Indian Standards officially published IS 16634:2017, titled "Motor Gasoline, E85 Fuel — Specification". The establishment of this standard was a watershed moment, as it legally defined the chemical and physical properties required for E85 fuel distributed in the country.Under IS 16634:2017, E85 is defined as a hydrocarbon fuel blend containing: * Ethanol Content: 70% to 85% by volume of denatured anhydrous ethanol. * Gasoline Content: 15% to 30% by volume of motor gasoline.
The flexibility in the ethanol percentage (70%–85%) is an intentional design parameter matching international standards (such as ASTM D5798 in the United States and EN 15293 in Europe). This variability allows fuel producers to adjust the gasoline ratio upward during colder seasons to ensure adequate engine startability (volatility), which is a key technical challenge for high-ethanol blends.
Key Chemical Parameters under IS 16634
The BIS standard outlines stringent limits on impurities and chemical properties to prevent engine damage: * Water Content (Max 0.3% by volume): Ethanol is highly hygroscopic (it readily absorbs water from the atmosphere). If the water content exceeds this threshold, it risks triggering "phase separation," where water and ethanol drop out of suspension with the gasoline, settling at the bottom of the fuel tank and causing catastrophic lean-run engine damage. * Acidity (Max 0.005% by mass as acetic acid): High acidity accelerates the corrosion of metal fuel system components. * Inorganic Chloride (Max 1 mg/kg): Chlorides promote stress corrosion cracking in steel and aluminum alloys. * Copper Content (Max 0.1 mg/kg): Copper acts as a catalyst for fuel degradation and gum formation, meaning fuel lines and storage tanks must avoid brass and bronze alloys. * Methanol Content (Max 0.5% by volume): Methanol is highly toxic and even more corrosive than ethanol; its presence must be strictly limited.Anhydrous Ethanol Requirements (IS 15464:2022)
The ethanol used to blend E85 must conform to IS 15464:2022 ("Anhydrous Ethanol for Use in Automotive Fuel — Specification"). This standard ensures that the raw ethanol is denatured (rendered unfit for human consumption) and stripped of water down to a minimum purity of 99.6% before blending with gasoline.---
2. ARAI and ICAT: Type Approval and Emission Certifications
Before an OEM can sell a vehicle capable of running on E85, or before an aftermarket kit manufacturer can retail a conversion system, the vehicle or component must undergo rigorous testing and certification by designated government-authorized agencies. The primary agencies responsible for this are the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)* in Pune and the *International Centre for Automotive Technology (ICAT) in Manesar.
``` +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | MoRTH Regulatory Framework | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ARAI / ICAT Type Approval & Certification | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | v v v +------------------+ +------------------+ +------------------+ | Tailpipe & | | Evaporative & | | Component | | RDE Emissions | | SHED Testing | | Durability | | (AIS-137 / BS6) | | (AIS-137) | | (160k km / OBD) | +------------------+ +------------------+ +------------------+ ```
Automotive Industry Standards (AIS-137)
ARAI certifies vehicles under the framework of the Automotive Industry Standards (AIS)*. Specifically, *AIS-137 outlines the test procedures for type approval of vehicles running on various gaseous and liquid biofuels, including E85.The testing protocols for E85 Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) under ARAI and ICAT include: 1. Tailpipe Emission Testing (BS6 Phase II / Bharat Stage VI): Vehicles must meet the stringent BS6 emission norms while operating on any blend from E20 to E85. The tests are performed on a chassis dynamometer using the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) and the Indian Driving Cycle (IDC). These tests monitor carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and particulate matter (PM/PN). 2. Real Driving Emissions (RDE): Introduced under BS6 Phase II, RDE testing requires the vehicle to be fitted with a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) and driven on public roads under real-world traffic, gradient, and temperature conditions. E85 vehicles must prove that their emissions remain within conformity factors under these dynamic conditions. 3. Evaporative Emission Testing (SHED Test): Ethanol has a high vapor pressure when blended in low percentages, but even at high percentages, its evaporative emissions must be controlled. The Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination (SHED) test measures the hydrocarbons escaping from the vehicle's fuel system over a 48-hour diurnal cycle. E85 vehicles require specialized, high-capacity carbon canisters to capture these vapors. 4. Durability Testing: ARAI mandates durability runs (typically up to 80,000 or 160,000 kilometers depending on vehicle class) or accelerated aging tests on the engine and exhaust after-treatment systems (catalytic converters) to ensure that the corrosive nature of E85 and the altered exhaust gas temperatures do not degrade the emissions control equipment over the vehicle's lifetime. 5. On-Board Diagnostics (OBD Stage II): The vehicle's ECU must be certified to detect misfires, fuel system leaks, catalytic converter degradation, and sensor failures while operating on E85. The OBD system must also monitor the fuel composition sensor (if equipped) that detects the ethanol percentage in real-time.
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3. Academic and Applied Research: The Vital Role of IISc
While ARAI focuses on regulatory compliance and certification, academic institutions have conducted the fundamental scientific research required to understand how high-ethanol blends interact with internal combustion engines under typical Indian environmental and operating conditions. The Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, has been at the forefront of this research.
IISc Combustion Research and Spray Diagnostics
Researchers at the Combustion Gasification and Propulsion Laboratory (CGPL) and the Department of Mechanical Engineering at IISc have conducted extensive studies on the spray characteristics and combustion dynamics of ethanol.Because ethanol has a higher latent heat of vaporization ($840 \text{ kJ/kg}$) compared to gasoline ($305\text{--}350 \text{ kJ/kg}$), it requires significantly more heat to vaporize. IISc researchers utilized optical research engines and high-speed laser diagnostics (such as Phase Doppler Interferometry and Particle Image Velocimetry) to study spray atomization. Their findings highlighted that: * At lower ambient temperatures, E85 spray exhibits larger droplet sizes and slower evaporation rates, leading to wall wetting (fuel condensing on the cylinder walls). * To counteract this, fuel injection strategies must be altered. IISc research demonstrated that split-injection strategies (delivering the fuel in two or more short pulses rather than one long pulse) during the intake stroke significantly improve fuel-air mixing and reduce cold-start hydrocarbon emissions.
``` Gasoline vs. E85 Properties: +------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | Property | Gasoline | E85 Fuel | +------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | Chemical Formula | C4 to C12 Mixture | C2H5OH + Gasoline | | Latent Heat of Vapor. | ~305-350 kJ/kg | ~840 kJ/kg | | Stoichiometric AFR | 14.7 | 9.0 | | Research Octane (RON) | 91-95 | 105-108 | +------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ ```
Tribology and Engine Lubricant Degradation
A critical area of research conducted at IISc involves tribology—the science of friction, wear, and lubrication. High-ethanol fuels like E85 present unique challenges for engine lubrication: 1. Fuel Dilution: During cold-start conditions, unburned E85 can wash down the cylinder walls, bypassing the piston rings to enter the oil sump. 2. Emulsification: Ethanol and the water it carries can mix with the engine oil, leading to the formation of a milky emulsion that destroys the oil's shear strength. 3. Acid Formation: Combustion of E85 produces trace amounts of formic and acetic acids. If these gases blow past the piston rings, they increase the total acid number (TAN) of the engine oil, leading to accelerated corrosive wear of journal bearings (copper-lead alloys) and cylinder liners.IISc studies have helped establish guidelines for engine oil formulation in India, recommending the use of specialized lubricants containing advanced dispersants, rust inhibitors, and shear-stable polymer additives to withstand E85 dilution.
Performance Optimization and Efficiency Maximization
Additional research by IISc and various Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs, notably IIT Delhi and IIT Madras) has focused on leveraging E85’s high Research Octane Number (RON 105–108). While E85 has a lower energy density than gasoline (requiring approximately 30% more fuel volume to achieve the same energy output), its high octane rating allows engines to run at much higher compression ratios (up to 12.0:1 or 13.0:1) without engine knock.IISc's experimental evaluations on single-cylinder variable compression ratio (VCR) engines proved that by optimizing the ignition timing and increasing the compression ratio, the thermal efficiency of an engine running on E85 can be increased by 5% to 8% compared to gasoline. This efficiency gain partially offsets the volumetric fuel economy penalty associated with ethanol.
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4. OEM Demonstrations and Pilot Projects in India
In alignment with government mandates, automotive manufacturers in India have developed and demonstrated E85-compliant vehicles, showing that the domestic automotive industry is technologically ready for high-ethanol blends.
``` E85 OEM Demonstrations in India: ============================================================================= Manufacturer Model / Prototype Configuration ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Toyota Corolla Altis FFV-SHEV Flex-Fuel Strong Hybrid (Import) Toyota Innova Hycross FFV Flex-Fuel Strong Hybrid (Local) Maruti Suzuki WagonR FFV Flex-Fuel Prototype (E20-E85) TVS Motor Apache RTR 200 Fi E100 Production E100 (E85 compatible) Honda Flex-Fuel Motorcycle 190cc Prototype ============================================================================= ```
Toyota Kirloskar Motor (TKM)
Toyota has been the global pioneer in Flex-Fuel Strong Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FFV-SHEVs), drawing on its extensive experience in the Brazilian market. * Corolla Altis FFV-SHEV Demonstration: In October 2022, Toyota launched a pilot project in Delhi, showcasing a imported Corolla Altis FFV-SHEV. The vehicle was designed to run on any ethanol-gasoline blend from E20 to E85. * Innova Hycross Flex-Fuel Prototype: In August 2023, Toyota unveiled a prototype of the Innova Hycross FFV-SHEV, customized for India. This vehicle features a 2.0-liter VVTi engine modified to run on E85. By combining flex-fuel capability with a self-charging hybrid system, Toyota demonstrated that the vehicle could run up to 60% of the time in EV mode under urban conditions, drastically reducing well-to-wheel carbon emissions. The engine underwent extensive testing in India to ensure compliance with BS6 Phase II standards.Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL)
As India’s largest passenger car manufacturer, Maruti Suzuki demonstrated its technological readiness by showcasing the WagonR Flex-Fuel Prototype in late 2022. * The prototype was designed and developed locally by Maruti Suzuki engineers, with technical support from Suzuki Motor Corporation, Japan. * The vehicle is designed to operate on any blend from E20 to E85. To make it compatible, Maruti Suzuki updated the fuel system, including the fuel pump, fuel injector, fuel rails, and oxygen sensors. The engine control unit (ECU) was reprogrammed with advanced lookup tables to adjust ignition timing and fuel delivery based on the ethanol concentration detected in the exhaust gas.Two-Wheeler Manufacturers
The two-wheeler sector is highly significant in India, representing over 75% of domestic motorized transport. TVS Motor Company:** TVS historically launched the *Apache RTR 200 Fi E100 in 2019. Although designated as E100, the motorcycle was designed to operate on E85 and high-concentration blends. TVS used a twin-spray fuel injection system and modified combustion chamber geometry to ensure smooth power delivery and emission compliance. * Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India (HMSI): Honda has showcased prototype flex-fuel motorcycles at various automotive expos in India, committing to introducing mass-production flex-fuel models once the fuel infrastructure is established. * Bajaj Auto: Bajaj has demonstrated E85-compatible three-wheelers (auto-rickshaws), recognizing that the commercial passenger segment stands to benefit significantly from lower fuel costs associated with domestically produced ethanol.---
5. Technical Challenges: Material Compatibility and Engine Calibration
The chemical differences between gasoline and ethanol create major engineering challenges. Running E85 in a standard, unmodified gasoline engine causes severe durability issues, safety hazards, and poor drivability. Consequently, E85-approved vehicles undergo significant component upgrades.
``` Vehicle Upgrades Required for E85 Compatibility: +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Fuel Tank | | -> Upgraded from steel to multilayer High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Fuel Pump & Lines | | -> Stainless steel internals; Viton (FKM) / Teflon (PTFE) seal upgrades| +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Fuel Injectors | | -> Increased flow rate (30%+); corrosion-resistant coatings | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Engine Core | | -> Hardened valve seats; modified rings; anodized pistons | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Engine Control Unit (ECU) | | -> Ethanol sensor input; dynamic ignition/injection mapping | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ```
Material Compatibility
Ethanol is a strong solvent and is highly polar, meaning it degrades many materials commonly used in traditional gasoline fuel systems.* Metals: Ethanol is corrosive to aluminum, brass, copper, zinc, and lead. When exposed to E85, these metals undergo chemical corrosion, leading to pitting and the formation of metal salts. These salts can clog fuel filters and fuel injectors. E85-approved vehicles replace these metals with stainless steel, nickel plating, or specially anodized aluminum alloys. * Elastomers and Polymers: Standard nitrile rubber (NBR), polyurethane, and neoprene swell, soften, and crack when exposed to high-ethanol blends. This degradation can lead to fuel leaks, pressure drops, and engine fires. In certified E85 vehicles, these components are replaced with fluorocarbon elastomers (Viton/FKM), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE/Teflon), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) for fuel lines and tanks.
Combustion and Drivability
* Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR): The stoichiometric AFR of gasoline is $14.7:1$. For E85, it drops to approximately $9.8:1$ (and down to $9.0:1$ for E100). This means that to burn E85 efficiently, the fuel system must inject roughly 30% to 35% more fuel by volume. E85-compatible vehicles are equipped with higher-flow fuel injectors and high-capacity fuel pumps. * Cold-Start Calibration: As noted in the IISc research section, ethanol's high latent heat of vaporization prevents it from vaporizing easily in cold engines. In northern regions of India during winter (where temperatures drop below $10^\circ\text{C}$ or even below freezing in hilly regions), an unmodified engine on E85 will crank repeatedly without starting. E85 systems use specialized cold-start enrichment maps in the ECU, sometimes utilizing intake air heaters or heating elements in the fuel rail to ensure immediate ignition. Closed-Loop Fuel Control:** E85 vehicles use either a physical *Ethanol Content Sensor in the fuel line or a software-based virtual sensor that calculates ethanol concentration using feedback from the wideband oxygen sensor (lambda sensor) in the exhaust. The ECU dynamically adjusts the fuel injection duration and advances the spark timing to match the exact ethanol blend (from E20 to E85) currently in the tank.---
6. Safety Standards and Fuel Handling Protocols
Because E85 behaves differently than gasoline under fire and storage conditions, the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) and the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) have established strict handling protocols.
Fire Safety and Flammability Limits
* Flammability Range: Gasoline has a flammability range of 1.4% to 7.6% by volume in air. Ethanol has a wider flammability range of 3.3% to 19% by volume. E85 occupies a middle ground but presents unique hazards because its vapor space in a closed storage tank can be explosive at normal ambient temperatures, whereas gasoline vapors are typically too rich to ignite inside a sealed tank. * Flame Visibility: Pure ethanol burns with an almost invisible blue flame in daylight, making fires difficult to detect. The 15% gasoline component in E85 ensures that any accidental fire burns with a visible yellow flame, allowing first responders to locate and extinguish the fire. Extinguishing Agents:** Standard fire-fighting foams (Aqueous Film-Forming Foam or AFFF) are ineffective against E85 fires because the polar ethanol breaks down the foam blanket, allowing the fire to continue burning. E85 storage facilities, retail outlets, and emergency response teams are required to use *Alcohol-Resistant Foams (AR-AFFF), which form a physical polymeric barrier over the polar fuel.Electrostatic Hazards and Storage Tanks
* Conductivity: Ethanol has much higher electrical conductivity than gasoline. This helps dissipate static charges generated during fuel pumping, reducing the risk of static-induced sparks. * Tank Linings: Underground storage tanks (USTs) at fuel stations must be certified for E85 use. Older fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks can soften and leak when exposed to E85. Retailers must install double-walled steel tanks or E85-compatible FRP tanks. Additionally, all storage systems must be equipped with desiccant breathers to prevent atmospheric moisture from entering the tanks and causing phase separation.---
7. Environmental and Economic Implications for India
The formal testing and approval of E85 in India are driven by strategic macroeconomic and environmental objectives.
Carbon Lifecycle and Emissions Reduction
The use of E85 offers substantial environmental benefits over pure gasoline and low-ethanol blends: * Tailpipe CO2 Emissions: E85 can reduce tailpipe carbon dioxide emissions by up to 30% compared to conventional gasoline. * Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10): Ethanol contains 34.7% oxygen by weight. This chemically bound oxygen promotes cleaner, more complete combustion, resulting in a reduction of up to 50% in particulate matter and black carbon emissions, which are primary contributors to smog in major Indian cities. * Hydrocarbons (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO): Vehicles certified on E85 show reductions of up to 40% in CO and 20% in HC emissions during standard testing cycles. * Lifecycle GHG Emissions: When ethanol is produced from sugarcane juice or agricultural residues (B-heavy molasses, damaged food grains, agricultural waste), the carbon absorbed by the plants during growth offsets the carbon emitted during fuel combustion. The lifecycle greenhouse gas reduction of E85 can exceed 60% compared to fossil gasoline.Macroeconomic Impact
* Crude Oil Import Substitution: India imports over 85% of its crude oil requirements. A transition to domestic E85 for compatible fleets directly reduces foreign exchange outflow. * Agricultural Synergy: Ethanol production supports India’s rural economy. By using surplus sugarcane, broken rice, and maize for ethanol distillation, farmers receive stable prices for their crops, transforming agriculture into an energy-producing sector ("Urjadata"). * Second-Generation (2G) Biofuels: To avoid competing with food security (the "food vs. fuel" debate), India is building 2G refinery plants. These facilities utilize agricultural residues like rice straw (parali), wheat straw, and cotton stalks to produce ethanol. Testing E85 compatibility ensures that the automotive market is ready to absorb this next-generation fuel.---
8. Current Commercial Status, Retrofitting, and The Road Ahead
Despite the completion of testing, safety standards, and manufacturer readiness, E85 is not yet widely available to the general public in India. Understanding the gap between regulatory approval and practical availability is crucial for consumers.
``` Current Status of E85 in India: +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | BIS Standards (IS 16634) | | -> Fully Approved and Published | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | OEM Technology Readiness | | -> Prototypes Developed and Tested (Toyota, Maruti Suzuki, TVS) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Retail Fuel Availability | | -> Limited to select research depots and pilot retail pumps | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Commercial Fleet Integration | | -> Undergoing controlled trials; nationwide rollout pending | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ```
Commercial Availability of E85
As of mid-2026, E85 is not sold at standard commercial petrol pumps across India. The current retail focus is on achieving a nationwide rollout of E20 by the end of 2025 and early 2026.E85 is currently restricted to: * Pilot Fueling Stations: A limited number of Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) stations in metro areas (primarily New Delhi, Pune, and Bangalore) have E85 dispensing facilities. These are used to fuel OEM test fleets and government demonstration vehicles. * Industrial and Research Use: Quantities are supplied directly to research institutions (like IISc, ARAI, and IIP Dehradun) and OEM engine development facilities for testing and calibration.
Retrofitting Older Vehicles
Many vehicle owners in India are interested in converting their existing petrol cars to run on E85 using aftermarket flex-fuel conversion kits.* Legality and Guidelines: The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) has issued draft notifications detailing the approval process for retrofitting flex-fuel kits on in-use vehicles. These notifications state that any retrofitted kit must undergo type approval by ARAI or ICAT, ensuring it complies with the emission standards of the vehicle's original manufacturing year. * The Practical Challenge: While aftermarket conversion kits (which plug into the fuel injectors to increase fuel delivery times) are widely available online, they do not address the material compatibility issues of the fuel pump, lines, and tank. Installing an unapproved kit on a standard vehicle running E85 in India is highly likely to cause fuel pump failure, dissolved fuel lines, and leaking injectors within 10,000 to 20,000 kilometers of operation. Furthermore, running an unapproved conversion will immediately void the manufacturer's warranty and can invalidate vehicle insurance.
Key Bottlenecks to Nationwide E85 Rollout
1. Ethanol Production Capacity: To supply E85 nationwide, India needs to produce massive volumes of anhydrous ethanol. Currently, domestic production is prioritized to meet the 20% blending mandate (E20) across all retail outlets. A full shift to E85 will require a significant increase in distillation capacity, especially from 2G lignocellulosic biomass sources. 2. Infrastructure Investment: Distributing E85 requires dedicated storage tanks, transport tankers, and dispensing pumps at retail outlets, representing a capital-intensive upgrade for oil marketing companies (OMCs). 3. Pricing Policy and Taxation: For consumers to accept E85, it must be priced lower than standard gasoline to offset the 30% reduction in fuel economy. Currently, the high cost of ethanol production, combined with GST rates, makes pricing competitive E85 challenging without government subsidies.---
9. Conclusion: A Flex-Fuel Future for India
India’s journey with E85 fuel has progressed from early academic research to a structured regulatory and technical framework.
* BIS standards (IS 16634:2017) provide the legal and chemical definition of the fuel. * ARAI and ICAT have established the testing protocols and type-approval procedures required to certify E85-capable vehicles under the stringent BS6 Phase II emission norms. * IISc and other academic institutions have conducted the scientific research needed to optimize combustion, improve cold starting, and address engine lubrication issues. * Leading OEMs like Toyota, Maruti Suzuki, and TVS have successfully demonstrated vehicle prototypes and technology platforms designed to operate on E85.
While the fuel is not yet widely available at retail pumps, the regulatory groundwork is complete. The transition to E85 represents a viable pathway for India to reduce its carbon footprint, secure energy independence, and support its agricultural sector. As production capacity increases and infrastructure expands, E85-powered vehicles are set to play a key role in the future of Indian mobility.